The artificial eye discovered in Iran dates back to around 2900 – 2800 BC and remains in the eye socket of a woman’s skull.
This discovery sheds light on the history of prosthetic body parts, including eyes, legs, and arms. The craftsmanship of the eye also reflects early concepts of light, vision, and the purpose of prosthetics in ancient times. Artificial eyes have existed for thousands of years. They not only enhance the appearance of patients but also prevent tissue in the eye socket from overgrowing and protect against foreign objects entering the eye when no bandage is present.
Shahr-e Sukhteh is an archaeological site of a Bronze Age urban settlement, located in southeastern Iran today. This area experienced several fires around 3200 BC. Based on the dating of artifacts discovered in the region, archaeologists believe the city was abandoned around 2350 BC.
The artificial eye in the eye socket of the woman in the grave. (Photo: Ancient Origins)
Numerous excavations have been conducted in the city since 1997. The artificial eye was retrieved from the remains of a woman estimated to be 1.8 meters tall. Evidence from the eye socket confirms that the woman wore it throughout her life rather than it being placed in the grave after her death. It is estimated that she was around 25 to 30 years old at the time of her death.
The archaeologists who discovered the artificial eye stated that it was made from a mixture of natural tar and animal fat, likely to keep it moist and durable during use 4,800 years ago. The research team was very surprised by the craftsmanship of the maker. The eye features capillaries drawn with a gold thread less than a millimeter thick. The round pupil is carved at the front with parallel lines surrounding it, forming the iris. Two holes for string on either side of the artificial eye reveal how it was secured. A soft gold thread prevented the eye from falling out while allowing it to move slightly within the socket. These details indicate that the creator had a deep understanding of eye anatomy.
Research on the eye indicates that the woman wore it during her lifetime, as tissue from her eyelid was still attached to the eye. Scientists also found evidence of tissue around the skull. The woman suffered from an abscess on her eyelid due to rubbing against the artificial eye when blinking.
The archaeological team also discovered many clay jars, decorative beads, and jewelry in the tomb of the ancient woman. Notably, a leather backpack and a bronze mirror were found in perfect condition. This discovery has led researchers to believe that the woman held a high social status and may have been a member of royalty. Only individuals with such significant status would possess jewelry, ceramics, leather, and bronze items.
