Acromegaly, also known as “gigantism,” is a rare but serious endocrine disorder that occurs when the body produces excessive growth hormone over a prolonged period. Although it is not common, this condition can lead to numerous severe complications if not diagnosed and treated promptly.
It is estimated that approximately 50-70 people per million are affected by acromegaly. However, the actual number may be higher due to the slow development of symptoms, which often go unrecognized early on. Notably, acromegaly does not discriminate by gender; both men and women are equally at risk of developing the condition.
Acromegaly does not discriminate by gender; both men and women are equally at risk.
Acromegaly occurs when the pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain responsible for hormone production, secretes an excessive amount of growth hormone. This hormone plays a crucial role in regulating the growth of bones, muscles, and other organs.
Most cases of acromegaly are associated with the presence of non-cancerous tumors (adenomas) in the pituitary gland. These tumors stimulate the pituitary to produce excess growth hormone. In rare cases, tumors in other organs such as the lungs or pancreas may also cause acromegaly by producing growth hormone or stimulating the pituitary to overact.
Additionally, some rare genetic syndromes such as Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN1) or Carney Complex can increase the risk of developing acromegaly. These disorders create conditions for abnormal tumor growth in endocrine glands.
Acromegaly typically appears after puberty, most commonly in individuals aged 40 to 50. Typical symptoms include abnormal enlargement of bones, particularly in the hands, feet, and face.
Acromegaly typically appears after puberty, most commonly in individuals aged 40 to 50.
Patients often notice changes in facial features such as an enlarged nose, tongue, jaw, or asymmetrical lips. Additionally, the skin becomes thicker, body hair increases, along with joint pain and excessive sweating. Some patients also experience headaches, vision loss, or menstrual irregularities in women.
Severe complications can occur if the condition is not treated promptly, including: Type 2 diabetes; High blood pressure; Sleep apnea (when the airway becomes temporarily blocked during sleep); Cardiovascular disease.
Moreover, acromegaly can reduce the average lifespan of affected individuals by about 10 years if left uncontrolled.
Acromegaly is often confused with gigantism, another disorder related to excessive growth hormone production. However, the key difference lies in the timing of onset. Gigantism begins in childhood when the growth plates of the bones are still active, while acromegaly develops in adulthood after the growth plates have closed.
Acromegaly is a complex but treatable condition.
Due to the slow progression of symptoms and the potential for misdiagnosis with other conditions, diagnosing acromegaly is often delayed for many years. Early detection not only helps reduce the risk of complications but also increases the chances of successful treatment, particularly in cases with small, operable tumors.
Acromegaly is a complex condition but can be effectively treated if diagnosed promptly. A clear understanding of the symptoms, causes, and treatment options will empower patients to take charge of their health. Healthcare providers also need to raise awareness to facilitate early recognition of the disease, thereby implementing appropriate solutions to improve patients’ quality of life and extend their lifespan.
