Osteomalacia occurs when the bone framework fails to undergo the process of calcification (also known as mineralization) as it normally would. Rickets in children is also a manifestation of this condition.
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Sunlight helps produce vitamin D |
Bone tissue is composed of a matrix of protein, in which calcium and phosphorus salts are deposited. In healthy individuals, about 10% of bone mass is regularly renewed through the processes of bone resorption and formation.
The balance between these two processes depends on several factors: parathyroid hormones (which maintain stable levels of calcium and phosphorus), vitamin D (which mobilizes calcium from bones, increases serum calcium levels, enhances phosphorus excretion in urine, and reduces serum phosphorus), and growth hormones from the pituitary gland (which control the growth of bones in length and thickness).
Vitamin D deficiency (due to diet, intestinal malabsorption, or metabolic disorders), renal acidosis (kidney failure), and certain conditions such as hypoparathyroidism are causes of osteomalacia.
If osteomalacia is mild, clinical symptoms are often minimal and may be overlooked, similar to rickets in children. In more severe cases, patients experience bone pain, muscle weakness, and sometimes the spine appears compressed or curved, leading to a decrease in height. In late stages, pain levels increase, and movements become more difficult. Gastrointestinal disturbances due to malabsorption may appear, muscles may weaken, or even muscle paralysis due to hypokalemia. Rickets in children can result in stunted growth, leading to significant physical and health disadvantages later in life.
Children showing signs such as slow growth compared to peers, sparse hair, excessive sweating, or delayed tooth eruption should see a pediatric nutrition specialist. There, doctors will assess the degree of rickets and may recommend dietary adjustments and medications if necessary.
Current treatment for osteomalacia primarily involves high doses of vitamin D, along with identifying and addressing the underlying causes. Since osteomalacia develops gradually, patients often neglect to seek medical attention and usually arrive at the hospital when it is too late, complicating treatment efforts. Therefore, children should have regular nutritional check-ups, and adults experiencing symptoms like bone pain or fatigue should consult a doctor.
To prevent osteomalacia, regular consumption of milk and a balanced diet is recommended. Many studies indicate that sunbathing for about 30 minutes daily around 7-8 AM can significantly increase vitamin D levels. Engaging in regular physical exercise also helps reduce the risk of this condition.
Dr. Pham Thanh Tinh
