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              Home Discoveries Biology Biotechnology

              Asexual Reproduction

              by Sci
              June 16, 2006
              in Biotechnology
              0
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              Since the world’s first baby was born from a test tube in 1978 in England, legal and religious regulations in Western countries have significantly limited new research in the field of assisted reproduction. Ironically, this environment of prohibition has served as a perfect ground for bold – or perhaps reckless – breakthrough ideas in science and medicine.

              01

              Scientists are attempting to apply microfluidics to perform the most crucial step in the IVF process: allowing the egg and sperm to dance together in a love rhythm!

              Freed from stringent government controls and supported by patients eager to have children, many specialists in in vitro fertilization (IVF) have transformed their hospitals into research centers. As a result, a series of innovative techniques have emerged over the past three decades, opening new frontiers for reproductive science.

              Designer Babies

              The concept of “designer babies” arose following the success of IVF techniques, predicting the future of reproduction, only to become the subject of jokes over a beer. In reality, this is no longer a matter of lighthearted conversation. Designer babies have been born!

              02

              Experts are collecting sperm samples from the frozen storage.

              In the United States alone, over 1,000 children have been selected from embryos using preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). With this technique, a cell is taken from the embryo to analyze whether the chromosomes or genes are normal. Families have requested doctors use PGD to eliminate hereditary diseases in order to create a child who is a genetic match for siblings in need of blood or bone marrow donations. PGD has also been applied in more controversial cases: selecting the gender of the future child.

              However, the term “designer babies” can be understood in a completely technological sense! Since 2001, a research group led by Ralph Brinster at the University of Pennsylvania has successfully cultured sperm stem cells from mice. Spermatogonial stem cells (SSC) are the cells that later develop into sperm.

              03

              Sperm samples are frozen for storage before artificial insemination.

              During the experiments, Brinster and his colleagues altered the genetic programming of SSCs. Since these are germ cells, any changes made by scientists to the genes will be passed down from generation to generation. This is a modification of the germ line, and a boundary that most bioethicists agree should not be crossed. The ability to select superior lineages through genetic engineering could resurrect the specter of fascism! Thus, in theory, this technology could pave the way for creating sperm for infertile men – a significant achievement that would undoubtedly be welcomed by many. However, scientists must also have the ability to alter sperm genes so that subsequent generations will maintain those changes.

              Ralph Brinster states: “SSC provides another method for adjusting the lineage of animals.” Changing the nutrient solutions used to culture cells could also alter genetic traits. Similar mechanisms in other species could also apply the SSC technique – including humans. Brinster only wants to use this technique as a therapy or a new research tool to create laboratory animals. However, we do not need to drink many beers to imagine the countless other potential applications for SSC.

              Modular Ovaries

              04

              Advancements in science can completely overturn familiar notions about human reproduction.

              In the July 7, 2005 issue of The New England Journal of Medicine, Dr. Sherman Silber – an IVF expert – announced that he had transplanted ovarian tissue from one woman to her twin sister, who was infertile due to chemotherapy for cancer treatment. After the transplant, the sister became pregnant and gave birth to a healthy baby. Since the ovarian tissue was taken from her twin sister, the child is genetically the daughter of the sister.

              Of course, the limitation is that not everyone has a twin sister available. Silber’s technique uses ovarian tissue strips that have a low success rate due to the potential complications during the tissue collection, storage, and implantation processes. However, just two months after Silber’s announcement, Israeli scientists at the Tel Aviv Institute of Animal Science reported that they had successfully transplanted whole ovaries from sheep to sheep. After transplantation, the ovaries continued to function normally, and the eggs produced could still develop into embryos.

              05

              Sperm are ready at the starting line of the technology race.

              Israeli scientists believe that transplanted ovaries can restore hormone levels immediately and long-term, as well as ovulate normally after cryopreservation. If this technique is also effective in humans, women could have their ovaries removed before cancer treatment, check for any signs of cancer cells, and then store them in a “freezer” until they can be reattached after treatment!

              However, Dr. Marcelle Cedars at the San Francisco Reproductive Health Center, California, and many other experts believe that egg freezing is a better solution. Although she acknowledges that egg freezing technology is not yet perfected, she believes that this technology is advancing rapidly and has the potential to completely replace ovarian tissue preservation methods. If so, then the egg freezing technique itself will eventually be replaced by even more advanced technologies.

              Industrial Eggs and Sperm

              06

              While egg freezing technology is not yet perfected, it is advancing quickly and has the potential to completely replace ovarian tissue preservation methods.

              One of the most common causes of infertility is men with oligospermia or no sperm at all, while women produce eggs that do not fertilize. This is often seen in older women or those who have undergone cancer treatment. Thus, over the past six years, scientists have been striving to work around non-fertilizable eggs and blind sperm.

              Simultaneously, research teams in France, England, the United States, and Japan have been working to convert human cells into egg cells. The biggest obstacle is that normal cells contain all the chromosomal components (diploid). To be capable of reproduction, a cell must expel half of its chromosomes and become haploid to receive the remaining half from sperm to form a new organism. Consequently, scientists have been racking their brains to find methods of artificial haploidization.

              07

              The concept of “designer babies” emerged after the success of IVF as a prediction of the future of reproduction.

              Năm 2001, tiến sĩ Gianpiero Palermo ở Đại học Cornell (New York) tuyên bố nhóm nghiên cứu của ông đã tạo được những trái trứng đơn bội bằng những kỹ thuật của công nghệ nhân bản vô tính. Các nhà khoa học này đã lấy nhân của một trái trứng được hiến tặng để cấy vào một tế bào người trưởng thành và nhân bản thành nhiều trái trứng mới. Sau khi họ cho số trứng tái tạo này thụ tinh thì 52% đã thụ tinh bình thường.

              Nhưng tới điểm nào đó trên con đường phát triển thì các nhiễm sắc thể của các “trái trứng công nghiệp” đâm ra rối loạn. Nhóm nghiên cứu của Palermo tìm mãi mà không ra lý do. Đến năm 2005, nhóm này đổi chiến thuật. Họ lấy tế bào gốc của phôi người cấy vào trái trứng. Trong hội nghị thường niên của Hội Y học sinh sản Mỹ tổ chức vào tháng 11.2005, nhóm này báo cáo rằng khi dùng phương pháp mới thì các tế bào sẽ đơn bội hoá và trở thành… tinh trùng. Kết hợp cả hai phương pháp thì họ không chỉ tạo ra được phôi bào mà những phôi bào mới này còn sản sinh ra thế hệ thứ hai của các tế bào gốc của phôi người.

              Palermo cho rằng có thể dùng kỹ thuật tạm gọi là “nhân bản liệu pháp” (therapeutic cloning) này để sản xuất theo đơn đặt hàng đủ loại trái trứng và tinh trùng dành cho người bị vô sinh. Một nhóm nghiên cứu độc lập ở Đại học Sheffield (Anh) cũng tìm ra phương pháp tương tự. Các chuyên gia dự đoán chỉ trong vòng 5 năm nữa thôi, phương pháp này sẽ được hoàn thiện và bắt đầu được ứng dụng rộng rãi.

              Babies Born from Chips

              08

              A series of innovative techniques have emerged, opening new frontiers for the field of reproductive science

              Vi lưu học (microfluidics) là một chuyên ngành khoa học mới kết hợp vật lý, hoá học, sinh học và kỹ thuật công nghiệp để nghiên cứu tính chất dòng chảy của chất lỏng hay chất khí có khối lượng cực nhỏ. Để nghiên cứu, các nhà vi lưu học sử dụng những rãnh cực nhỏ khắc trên những bề mặt silicon vào thao tác qua kính hiển vi khuếch đại. Nhiều năm qua, các nhà khoa học đã cố gắng ứng dụng vi lưu học để thực hiện bước quan trọng nhất trong quy trình IVF: cho trái trứng và tinh trùng hoà nhịp chung vũ điệu tình yêu!

              Cuối năm 2005, một nhóm nghiên cứu ở Đại học Michigan (Mỹ) đã thử dùng kỹ thuật IVF trên loài chuột với các thiết bị vi lưu và khám phá rằng trong nhiều trường hợp, cách này tỏ ra hiệu quả cao hơn cách thông dụng là đưa trứng và tinh trùng vào chung các đĩa trong phòng thí nghiệm. Gary D. Smith – trưởng nhóm nghiên cứu – tin rằng kỹ thuật mới này sẽ là tiêu chuẩn IVF tương lai. Ông giải thích: “Sử dụng các thiết bị vi lưu sẽ loại trừ được xác suất ngẫu nhiên khi đưa tinh trùng vào trứng”. Kỹ thuật này vẫn chưa được tối ưu, nhưng theo Smith chỉ chừng một năm nữa thôi là có thể thí nghiệm trên con người.

              Hầu hết các nhà nghiên cứu và bác sĩ IVF đều không theo đuổi những phương pháp bí hiểm. Họ chỉ tập trung vào việc cải tiến những công nghệ hiện có vì cần đáp ứng nhu cầu của bệnh nhân càng nhanh càng tốt. Tìm phương cách mới để vận dụng những dược phẩm phổ biến kết hợp với thử nghiệm những phương tiện mới là cách họ thường dùng. Nhưng những thay đổi có vẻ nhỏ nhặt ấy lại có thể làm đảo lộn hoàn toàn những suy nghĩ quen thuộc về việc khai sinh một con người. Nếu những đứa bé có thể ra đời nhờ các vi mạch điện tử, vậy con người có cần đến sex để sinh sản không?

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