The archaeological site of Nahal Hemar in the southern Judean Desert of Israel continues to unveil three puzzling artifacts: three intact skulls preserved by being encased in bitumen.
According to Ancient Origins, there are a total of six skulls found in Nahal Hemar Cave, but only three are covered in bitumen. Radiocarbon dating indicates that these skulls date back to around 7000 BCE.
One of the three skulls encased in bitumen. The layer of bitumen acts like a unique cap tightly affixed to the back of the honored individual’s head – (Photo: IAA)
The arid conditions of the Judean Desert help preserve organic materials much better than most places in the world, so all six skulls are in good condition, especially the three covered in bitumen, as the layer also serves as a protective shield against the ravages of time.
The Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) describes how the skulls were encased in bitumen: “It appears that a thin layer of bitumen was rubbed onto the backs of these skulls, and then prepared strands of bitumen were layered on top, creating the shape of a net – possibly a cap for the deceased.”
Scientists believe this was a way to honor the deceased, linked to ancestral worship practices. The individuals with bitumen-covered skulls are likely revered ancestors or individuals particularly cherished by that lineage. It seems these individuals were venerated across generations, symbolizing the entire land.
The skulls may also symbolize a clan’s claim to a territory, as the period around 7000 BCE saw a population increase during the Neolithic era, leading to fierce land competition.
