Researchers have successfully developed a coating capable of producing oxygen and absorbing carbon dioxide, making it a potential candidate for Mars landing missions.
Among the top challenges that astronauts face in space is one of the most essential bodily functions: breathing.
Microscopic observation of bacteria hidden in the biological coating. (Photo: University of Surrey).
This is because oxygen does not actually exist in space. This presents several obstacles for long-duration space missions. Fortunately, a recent discovery may provide space explorers with additional opportunities on their journeys.
The results of a study led by microbiologist Simone Krings from the University of Surrey, UK, have produced a biological coating, known as Chroococcidiopsis cubana.
This coating emits usable oxygen daily while simultaneously reducing the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in its surrounding environment.
The oxygen-generating capability of this coating comes from the living bacteria that are layered within it. However, in order to be effective, the coating needs to be porous to facilitate hydration processes and cell transport, while also being mechanically robust and firm.
This has implications not only for space missions but could also be applied right here on Earth.
Diagram illustrating the creation of the biological coating. (Photo: University of Surrey).
“With the increase of greenhouse gases, especially CO2 in the atmosphere, and concerns about water scarcity due to rising global temperatures, we need sustainable, environmentally friendly materials,” Simone Krings shared.
“Biological coatings with high mechanical strength can help address these challenges by reducing water consumption in water-intensive bioreactor processes.”
The key point that makes Chroococcidiopsis cubana special is its ability to exploit a remarkable photosynthesis mechanism, allowing it to thrive in extremely low light conditions, or even in complete darkness.
For this reason, different forms of Chroococcidiopsis cubana have been found in the depths of caves, in the Earth’s crust, or at the bottom of the ocean.
This type of material can sometimes survive in deserts and harsh environments that are not unlike those found on Mars.
New idea could enable researchers to produce oxygen on Mars. (Photo: Getty).
“Chroococcidiopsis has an extraordinary ability to survive in extreme environments, enduring drought and exposure to high-intensity ultraviolet radiation,” Simone Krings noted. “This makes it a promising candidate for Mars landing missions.”
However, the immediate use of Chroococcidiopsis in space missions is not feasible yet due to its relatively low yield.
It is estimated that a group of 10 astronauts living on Mars for one year would require approximately 500 tons of oxygen. Meanwhile, the biological coating can only produce about 0.4 grams of oxygen per gram of biomass, equivalent to 400 grams for each kilogram of material.
Thus, to ensure the basic respiratory needs of humans in space, astronauts would have to carry an enormous amount of Chroococcidiopsis, which remains a significant challenge.
